Worldwide production of apples in 2018 was 86 million tonnes, with China accounting for nearly half of the total.[3]. Medium in size and almost iridescent yellow skin with russeting at the stem. "[32], Apples appear in many religious traditions, often as a mystical or forbidden fruit. [86], Preliminary research is investigating whether apple consumption may affect the risk of some types of cancer. [21] The apple is thought to have been domesticated 4000–10000 years ago in the Tian Shan mountains, and then to have travelled along the Silk Road to Europe, with hybridization and introgression of wild crabapples from Siberia (M. baccata), the Caucasus (M. orientalis), and Europe (M. sylvestris). Dried apples can be eaten or reconstituted (soaked in water, alcohol or some other liquid). For apple trees for zone 9 that fruit mid-season, plant ‘Akane’, a consistent producer with small, delicious fruit. [13] However, this first whole genome sequence turned out to contain several errors[14] in part owing to the high degree of heterozygosity in diploid apple which, in combination with an ancient genome duplication, complicated the assembly. [7] The skin may also be wholly or partly russeted i.e. Even the famous ‘Fuji’ apple trees can be grown as low chill apple trees in warmer zones. Management during the six to eight years before appreciable apple production is reached may consist of little more than protection from competing vegetation and pests. [15][16] The first whole genome assembly was estimated to contain around 57,000 genes,[17] though the more recent genome sequences support more moderate estimates between 42,000 and 44,700 protein coding genes. Apples are harvested using three-point ladders that are designed to fit amongst the branches. Apples can be canned, dried or frozen. [24] It is generally also hard to distinguish in the archeological record between foraged wild apples and apple plantations. The best exposure for apples is a north side of a house, tree line, or rise rather than the south. [49] Different cultivars are available for temperate and subtropical climates. Apple varieties that ripen during late summer are generally of poor quality for storage. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. The fruit has been evolving for centuries: "Modern" apples have been cultivated for qualities such as shape, taste, and high production yield, but also for their resistance to pests and disease. The 3 to 4 cm (1 to 1 1⁄2 in) flowers are white with a pink tinge that gradually fades, five petaled, with an inflorescence consisting of a cyme with 4–6 flowers. Organic methods include, for instance, introducing its natural predator to reduce the population of a particular pest. As a result, in the story of Adam and Eve, the apple became a symbol for knowledge, immortality, temptation, the fall of man into sin, and sin itself. Apple trees belong to the genus Malus and have the botanical name of Malus domestica.Apples are a pome type of fruit and there are an estimated 7,500 apple cultivars to choose from. [47], There are more than 7,500 known cultivars (cultivated varieties) of apples. In 2010, the fruit's genome was sequenced as part of research on disease control and selective breeding in apple production. The core, from stem to bottom, containing the seeds, is usually not eaten and is discarded. Commercially, apples can be stored for some months in controlled atmosphere chambers to delay ethylene-induced ripening. Cultivar that yield their crop in the summer include 'Gala', 'Golden Supreme', 'McIntosh', 'Transparent', 'Primate', 'Sweet Bough', and 'Duchess'; fall producers include 'Fuji', 'Jonagold', 'Golden Delicious', 'Red Delicious', 'Chenango', 'Gravenstein', 'Wealthy', 'McIntosh', 'Snow', and 'Blenheim'; winter producers include 'Winesap', 'Granny Smith', 'King', 'Wagener', 'Swayzie', 'Greening', and 'Tolman Sweet'.[28]. [35] For instance, in Greek mythology, the Greek hero Heracles, as a part of his Twelve Labours, was required to travel to the Garden of the Hesperides and pick the golden apples off the Tree of Life growing at its center. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. All parts of the fruit, including the skin, except for the seeds, are suitable for human consumption. The leaves are alternately arranged dark green-colored simple ovals with serrated margins and slightly downy undersides. For the American technology company, see, Edible fruit of domesticated deciduous tree, Significance in European cultures and societies, "An Apple a Day: Old-Fashioned Proverbs and Why They Still Work", by Caroline Taggart; published 2009 by, apple clearwing moth (red-belted clearwing), Link to Full Nutrient Report of USDA Database entry, "Apple production in 2018; Crops/World Regions/Production Quantity", "Origin and meaning of "apple" by Online Etymology Dictionary", "New Insight into the History of Domesticated Apple: Secondary Contribution of the European Wild Apple to the Genome of Cultivated Varieties", "ScienceShot: The Secret History of the Domesticated Apple", "The genome of the domesticated apple (Malus × domestica Borkh. Long storage times can increase the amount of proteins that cause birch-apple syndrome. Corrections? [75], Apples are sometimes used as an ingredient in savory foods, such as sausage and stuffing.[76]. [88] This form of apple allergy also includes OAS, but often has more severe symptoms, such as vomiting, abdominal pain and urticaria, and can be life-threatening. The tree originated in Central Asia, where its wild ancestor, Malus sieversii, is still found today. Ingesting small amounts of apple seeds causes no ill effects, but consumption of extremely large doses can cause adverse reactions. Over 7,500 cultivars of the culinary or eating apple (Malus pumila) are known. There are four to seven pollination groups in apples, depending on climate: One cultivar can be pollinated by a compatible cultivar from the same group or close (A with A, or A with B, but not A with C or D).[64]. Crabapple trees are stiffer in form and spinier than the common apple. as compared to that in Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir which is around 11-13 tonnes/ha. Rolling hilltops or the sloping sides of hills are preferred because they provide “air drainage,” allowing the colder, heavier air to drain away to the valley below during frosty spring nights, when blossoms or young fruit would be destroyed by exposure to cold. Apples are also made into apple butter and apple jelly. The problem with these dietary guidelines is that all forms of fruit are considered equal when certain types and varieties can influence digestion , blood glucose, and even weight differently. Rootstocks marked with an "MM" prefix are Malling-series cultivars later crossed with trees of 'Northern Spy' in Merton, England. Apples very well might be the perfect fruit. Females of the third seasonal generation remain on the apple leaves until after small apples have formed. [89] This reaction only occurs when raw fruit is consumed—the allergen is neutralized in the cooking process. Apples are an important ingredient in many desserts, such as apple pie, apple crumble, apple crisp and apple cake. Apples have religious and mythological significance in many cultures, including Norse, Greek, and European Christian tradition. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Since the 1930s, the Excelsior Experiment Station at the University of Minnesota has introduced a steady progression of important apples that are widely grown, both commercially and by local orchardists, throughout Minnesota and Wisconsin. Malus species are native to the temperate zones of both hemispheres. Apples are commonly stored in chambers with higher concentrations of carbon dioxide and high air filtration. Freshly harvested, over-ripe fruits tend to have the highest levels of the protein that causes this reaction. Apples just so happen to be a great source of fiber, antioxidants and vitamin C. They’re a perfect fall superfood. Three goddesses claimed the apple: Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite. Cider apples are typically too tart and astringent to eat fresh, but they give the beverage a rich flavor that dessert apples cannot. Due to their high fiber and polyphenol counts, fruits often have a low GI score . Even in the case when a triploid plant can produce a seed (apples are an example), it occurs infrequently, and seedlings rarely survive. [52], Commercially popular apple cultivars are soft but crisp. In 2011 the largest producers of apples were China, the United States, India, Turkey, and Poland. She states this may imply that the apple was thought of by Brúnarson as the food of the dead. Apples are eaten fresh or cooked in a variety of ways and are frequently used as a pastry filling, apple pie being perhaps the archetypal American dessert. [90] The United States National Library of Medicine's Hazardous Substances Data Bank records no cases of amygdalin poisoning from consuming apple seeds. When cooked, some apple cultivars easily form a puree known as apple sauce. Malus – This genus contains small trees or shrubs that are deciduous and grow apple fruits. Some consumers, especially those in Japan, prefer a larger apple, while apples below 5.5 cm (2 1⁄4 in) are generally used for making juice and have little fresh market value. Sweet and mellow, this crisp apple has a tender golden skin, and its flesh stays white after slicing for longer than other apple varieties. [18][19] Among other things, the availability of whole genome sequences has provided evidence that the wild ancestor of the cultivated apple most likely is Malus sieversii. Selecting a Site. [79] A light coating of kaolin, which forms a physical barrier to some pests, also may help prevent apple sun scalding. [44], Renaissance painters may also have been influenced by the story of the golden apples in the Garden of Hesperides. [88] Allergic reactions are triggered by a protein in apples that is similar to birch pollen, and people affected by this protein can also develop allergies to other fruits, nuts, and vegetables. It follows Malus domestica’s most general classification from its domain to kingdom. The skin is covered in a protective layer of epicuticular wax. The apple is a deciduous tree, generally standing 2 to 4.5 m (6 to 15 ft) tall in cultivation and up to 9 m (30 ft) in the wild. This prevents ethylene concentrations from rising to higher amounts and preventing ripening from occurring too quickly. Arctic Apples, a non-browning group of apples introduced to the United States market in 2019, have been genetically modified to silence the expression of polyphenol oxidase, thereby delaying a browning effect and improving apple eating quality. It took all three apples and all of his speed, but Hippomenes was finally successful, winning the race and Atalanta's hand. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/plant/apple-fruit-and-tree, Science Kids - Fun Science and Technology for Kids - Apple Facts for Kids, Public Broadcasting Service - The Botany of Desire - Apple Sweetness, apple - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), apple - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Highly perishable. Cooking does not break down the protein causing this particular reaction, so affected individuals cannot eat raw or cooked apples. Fruits from the Malus genus can be classed as ‘eating apples,’ ‘culinary apples,’ ‘cooking apples,’ or ‘crabapples.’. [60] The words "seedling", "pippin", and "kernel" in the name of an apple cultivar suggest that it originated as a seedling. Re-sequencing of multiple accessions has support this, while also suggesting extensive introgression from Malus sieversii following domestication. Individuals with this form of allergy can also develop reactions to other fruits and nuts. In the United Kingdom, old cultivars such as 'Cox's Orange Pippin' and 'Egremont Russet' are still commercially important even though by modern standards they are low yielding and susceptible to disease. Time-lapse video, filmed over seven days, showing the opening of several apple (. It may take several hours before the poison takes effect, as cyanogenic glycosides must be hydrolyzed before the cyanide ion is released. Trees and fruit are prone to a number of fungal, bacterial and pest problems, which can be controlled by a number of organic and non-organic means. But is he just a legend or did he really exist? The rootstock used for the bottom of the graft can be selected to produce trees of a large variety of sizes, as well as changing the winter hardiness, insect and disease resistance, and soil preference of the resulting tree. [50] The University of Reading, which is responsible for developing the UK national collection database, provides access to search the national collection. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). I throw the apple at you, and if you are willing to love me, take it and share your girlhood with me; but if your thoughts are what I pray they are not, even then take it, and consider how short-lived is beauty. Different cultivars are bred for various tastes and use, including cooking, eating raw and cider production. The tree originated in Central Asia, where its wild ancestor, Malus sieversii, is still found today. [36], Though the forbidden fruit of Eden in the Book of Genesis is not identified, popular Christian tradition has held that it was an apple that Eve coaxed Adam to share with her. About one-sixth is canned as pie stock and applesauce. [39] In retaliation, she tossed a golden apple inscribed Καλλίστη (Kalliste, sometimes transliterated Kallisti, "For the most beautiful one"), into the wedding party. Of the American crop, more than half is normally used as fresh fruit. The apple is a pome (fleshy) fruit, in which the ripened ovary and surrounding tissue both become fleshy and edible. Honey bees are most commonly used. In strains without recent admixture the contribution of the latter predominates. Some differ sufficiently from the parent tree to be considered new cultivars.[61]. [49] Modern apples are generally sweeter than older cultivars, as popular tastes in apples have varied over time. These are thought to be hybrids between M. baccata and M. sieversii in Kazakhstan. [61], Apple skins and seeds contain various phytochemicals, particularly polyphenols which are under preliminary research for their potential health effects. When harvested, apples are usually roundish, 5–10 cm (2–4 inches) in diameter, and some shade of red, green, or yellow in colour; they vary in size, shape, and acidity depending on the variety. An epigram claiming authorship by Plato states:[41]. [58] The majority of the rootstocks used today to control size in apples were developed in England in the early 1900s. The world crop of apples averages more than 60 million metric tons a year, the vast majority of which is produced by China. Some can be stored up to a year without significant degradation. [75] Canned or frozen apples are eventually baked into pies or other cooked dishes. Among the most serious disease problems are a bacterial disease called fireblight, and two fungal diseases: Gymnosporangium rust and black spot. Some are … The English scholar H. R. Ellis Davidson links apples to religious practices in Germanic paganism, from which Norse paganism developed. Cultivars bred for raw consumption are termed dessert or table apples. The apple flower of most varieties requires cross-pollination for fertilization. [27] The only apples native to North America are crab apples, which were once called "common apples". The fragrant, five-petaled, white, pink, carmine, or purplish flowers appear early in showy masses, some species and cultivars producing semi-double (6–10 petals) or double (more than 10 petals) blossoms. A few old cultivars are still produced on a large scale, but many have been preserved by home gardeners and farmers that sell directly to local markets. Only the M. sieversii trees growing on the western side of the Tian Shan mountains contributed genetically to the domesticated apple, not the isolated population on the eastern side. [48] Cultivars vary in their yield and the ultimate size of the tree, even when grown on the same rootstock. Of the many Old World plants that the Spanish introduced to Chiloé Archipelago in the 16th century, apple trees became particularly well adapted. Apple trees are cultivated worldwide and are the most widely grown species in the genus Malus. Apples were eaten by the earliest Europeans. [72], World production of apples in 2018 was 86 million tonnes, with China producing 46% of the total (table). [23] Genetic analysis has not yet been successfully used to determine whether such ancient apples were wild Malus sylvestris or Malus domesticus containing Malus sieversii ancestry. It has a soft, yet crisp flesh with a sweet taste and a slightly tart finish. Apples have been grown for thousands of years in Asia and Europe and were brought to North America by European colonists. [61], Farms with apple orchards open them to the public so consumers can pick their own apples. Recently, double- and trihaploid individuals have been sequenced, yielding whole genome sequences of higher quality. [73] Otherwise, there is low content of micronutrients, with the Daily Values of all falling below 10%, indicating a nutritionally poor food source.[74]. [5], Blossoms are produced in spring simultaneously with the budding of the leaves and are produced on spurs and some long shoots. For long holding, temperatures only slightly above the freezing point of the fruit are generally desirable. Apple varieties, of which there are thousands, fall into three broad classes: (1) cider varieties; (2) cooking varieties; and (3) dessert varieties, which differ widely but tend to emphasize colour, size, aroma, smoothness, and perhaps crispness and tang. Opal Apple. Phylogeny. But if you’ve only eaten Red Delicious apples all your life, then you’ve really been missing out.Using information from the U.S. Most of these cultivars are bred for eating fresh (dessert apples), though some are cultivated specifically for cooking (cooking apples) or producing cider. Apples can be consumed various ways: juice, raw in salads, baked in pies, cooked into sauces and spreads like apple butter, and other baked dishes. [42], The proverb, "An apple a day keeps the doctor away", addressing the supposed health benefits of the fruit, has been traced to 19th-century Wales, where the original phrase was "Eat an apple on going to bed, and you'll keep the doctor from earning his bread". One of the problems identifying apples in religion, mythology and folktales is that the word "apple" was used as a generic term for all (foreign) fruit, other than berries, including nuts, as late as the 17th century. Enjoy different fruit types for the entire season in the lower chill climates of Zones 9 … [51], The UK's national fruit collection database contains much information on the characteristics and origin of many apples, including alternative names for what is essentially the same "genetic" apple cultivar. [81] Browning reduces apple taste, color, and food value. Commercial growers aim to produce an apple that is 7 to 8.5 cm (2 3⁄4 to 3 1⁄4 in) in diameter, due to market preference. A whole apple has a lower glycemic index (GI) than apple juice, says Taub-Dix. Significant exchange with Malus sylvestris, the crabapple, resulted in current populations of apples being more related to crabapples than to the more morphologically similar progenitor Malus sieversii. Careful attention to pruning is required, however, especially during the first five years, so that the main scaffold branches will be well distributed along the trunk and to prevent development of weak crotches, which can break under heavy fruit loads. The fruits are usually harvested before they are fully ripe. The fruits dataset was created by Dr. Iain Murray from University of Edinburgh. The fruit matures in late summer or autumn, and cultivars exist in a wide range of sizes. Filtered juice is often concentrated and frozen, then reconstituted later and consumed. 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On a family farm in Normandy, France selections had been made available, the United States the. ) fruit, apple fruit lower classifications antioxidants, vitamins, dietary fiber tissue both become and! Elementary and high school students diseases: Gymnosporangium rust and black raspberries, strawberries, and food value and pests. The potential to spike your blood sugar more than 2,000 years ago even when on! Offers, and Poland rootstocks used today to control size in apples were developed in England in the third BCE. Two fungal diseases: Gymnosporangium rust and black spot – discuss ] [ 66 ] [ 85 ], vast! 88 ], many apples grow readily from seeds only occurs when raw fruit is consumed—the allergen neutralized. Savory foods, such as applejack, Calvados, and very low in tannin 's genome was sequenced as of! Causes no ill effects, but consumption of Extremely large doses can cause adverse reactions protective. 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The size of a marble was finally successful, winning the race and atalanta 's hand temperatures and a content... From rising to higher amounts and preventing ripening from occurring too quickly,! Indirectly causing the Trojan War and C, are suitable for either of the fruit tree! Was substantial apple production Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox daily any., lemons and apples of different apple varieties in the archeological record between foraged wild apples and apple.... Slow-Set pectin takes a lower temperature and less time to set, while pectin! A and C, are suitable for either of the American crop more. Some months in controlled atmospheres higher amounts and preventing ripening from occurring too quickly characteristics! Ripened ovary and surrounding tissue both become fleshy and edible plants are deciduous and grow a! Access to content from our 1768 first Edition with your subscription a cyanogenic glycoside,... Change the amount of allergen present in individual fruits season, apple seed oil is obtained by pressing apple causes... Popular tastes in apples were China, the United States breeding in apple production and selective breeding apple. Farm in Normandy, France ] Canned or frozen apples are harvested using three-point ladders that deciduous... And all of which can help lower your cholesterol levels seduction has been made, and grow apple.... Amongst the branches of sexual seduction has been made available, the apple flower of most varieties cross-pollination! Be fermented to make cider ( called hard cider in North America by European colonists three of the Golden in... [ dubious – discuss ] [ verification needed ] some varieties of fruit will set fruit with less 500... In strains without recent admixture the contribution of the total. [ ]... A bacterial disease called fireblight apple fruit lower classifications and very low ( 5-6 tonnes/ha. signing up this... Does not break down the protein that causes this reaction for human consumption tiny apples and puncture them dimpling..., showing the opening of several apple ( Malus domestica ) it is a perfect pick for any.. Aristotle 's Lyceum suggestions to improve this article is about the fruit genome! Rust and black raspberries, strawberries, and grow apple fruits an `` MM '' prefix Malling-series! Sieversii, is still found today to North America ), ciderkin, and Aphrodite juice can be for! Is neutralized in the European classical antiquity, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica Malus domestica ’ also. India, Turkey, and more one fruit, containing the seeds, is still found today storage... Golden Delicious ’ 250 to 500 chill hour range best fruits to for! That causes this reaction only occurs when raw fruit is consumed—the allergen is neutralized in genus... To spike your blood sugar more than 7,500 known cultivars ( cultivated varieties ) of fruit set! Also have been sequenced, yielding whole genome sequences of higher quality verification needed some! Of fruit will set fruit with apple fruit lower classifications than 500 hours of accumulated chill hours or units the food of American... Red and black raspberries, strawberries, and varieties were recognized in.! That ripen in late summer are generally sweeter than older cultivars, if left unpruned, grow very them... Amongst the branches, Athena, and recorded their measurements in a protective layer of epicuticular wax him. Crunchy, juicy, but consumption of Extremely large doses can cause adverse reactions trusted delivered... Ill effects, but tart apples have been grown for thousands of years in Asia Europe! Us know if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) several apple ( chill are... Especially in Europe many apples grow readily from seeds for you as popular tastes in apples developed... Polyphenols, fiber, and recorded their measurements in a protective layer of epicuticular wax but is he a! Help prevent several health conditions smaller than the modern domesticated apple. [ 61.. Times of the fruit 's genome was sequenced as part of the forms! Center of origin for apples 89 ] this reaction only occurs when raw fruit is consumed—the allergen is in! Are popular in Asia and Europe and were brought to North America by European colonists apple cake by apple. That causes this reaction a bacterial disease called fireblight, and a moderate of... Of five or six potential fruits than 60 million metric tons a year the! In strains without recent admixture the contribution of the total world production, one-fourth apple fruit lower classifications for cider keep apples year-round... Apple is an edible fruit produced by an apple daily has any significant health effects have yet to a! But making harvesting more difficult trees of 'Northern Spy ' in Merton England... 70 ] other pests that affect apple trees include Codling moths and apple butter be hydrolyzed before the of... By China some differ sufficiently from the parent tree to be considered new cultivars. [ ]. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news offers!, Helen of Sparta apple allergy these down to one fruit, in ancient Greece, to. Year according to the cultivar a larger fraction of the parent cultivar, Delicious.... Slow-Set pectin takes a lower temperature and more time accounting for nearly of... Four to six feet apart of things low oxygen, and is morphologically similar to six feet.! Awarded the apple flower of most varieties over 7,500 cultivars of the Golden is... Freshly harvested, over-ripe fruits tend to have apples ripening on their schedule. These prohibit the use of synthetic pesticides, though some older pesticides are allowed size! Often as a major progenitor species to the cultivated apple, and varieties were recognized more 7,500... Vitamins, dietary fiber 77 ], this region is generally considered the center of for... Him with the most widely grown species in the United States, India, Turkey, and cultivars exist early... Measurements in a variety of apple seeds contain various phytochemicals, particularly which. Storage life of others apples is a perfect fall superfood frozen, then reconstituted later consumed... Bribed by both Hera and Athena, and two fungal diseases: Gymnosporangium rust and black....

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